INDOEUROPEOS (I):URHEIMAT
Según las hipótesis
filológicas más extendidas, en general basadas en el trabajo de la arqueóloga lituano estadounidense Marija
Gimbutas (1921-1994), dos emplazamientos eneolíticos en la actual Ucrania
serían candidatos a ser el Urheimat (hogar originario) de las lenguas
protoindoeuropeas: Sredny Stog (4.500-3.500 a.C.) y Yamna (3.600-3.200 a.C.). Otras
culturas asociadas a estas son: Novadanilovka (curso inferior del Dniéper),
Baja Mikhailovka (Dniéper Inferior y Crimea) y Kemi Oba (Crimea). También
podría formar parte de este circuito la cultura ucraniana-moldava-rumana de
Cucuteni-Tripilia (4.500-3.000 a.C.). Estas
culturas derivarían de la precedente cultura también eneolítica de Jvalynsk o
Khvalynsk (5.000-4.500 a.C.), la cual sería sucesora de la cultura eneolítica
temprana de Samara (5.500-4.800 a.C.). También podría tener relación con la
Cultura contemporánea a Samara de Seroglazovo. Se supone que estas culturas
tienen relación con las mesolíticas culturas de Dnieper-Donets (6.000-4.000
a.C.) y Surski-Dniéper, derivadas presumiblemente de la Cultura polaca epipaleolítica
Swideriense (10.000-8.200 a.C.)
En la segunda fase de la
Cultura de Sredny Stog (4.000-3.500 a.C.) existe evidencia arqueológica de
domesticación del caballo, junto a hachas de piedra de combate y cerámica
cordada o encordelada, elementos que se relacionan con la posterior Cultura
europea nororiental de la Cerámica Cordada (3.000-2.350 a.C.). También se ha
señalado la existencia de una variedad tipológica importante en los cráneos
encontrados en los asentamientos de la Cultura de Sredny Stog. De hecho se
sugiere que constituiría una población mezclada de elementos europeos
orientales y occidentales. Algunos de estos cráneos se parecen a los tipos
hallados en la vecina cultura neolítica de Cucuteni- Tripolie (5.500-2.750
a.C.), generalmente considerados dináricos o mediterráneos del tipo grácil. Los
otros corresponden a un tipo de Cro-Magnon, robusto y de gran tamaño,
característicos en la precedente Cultura mesolítica de Dnieper-Donets (6.000-4.000
a.C.). También se encontraron rastros de presencia de tipos siberianos y
urálicos. Posiblemente, pues, la Cultura de Sredny Stog es parte de un
horizonte cultural nordcaucásico mixto donde confluyen influencias balcánicas
quizá a través de la presencia de factorías comerciales. Eso explica los
cráneos masculinos hallados en Novadanilovka con características físicas
similares a los hallados en la región balcánica.
La Cultura Yamna aparece
rodeada de culturas no proto-indoeuropeas: las neolíticas de la Cerámica del
Peine (4.200-2.000 a.C.), Kama y
Kelteminar (5.500-3.500 a.C.) y las caucasianas del cobre y bronce de Maikop
(3.700-2.500 a.C.), Kurá-Araxes (3.500-2.200 a.C.) y Novotitorovka (3.300-2.700
a.C.). Se supone que estas últimas fueron influidas por la Cultura Yamna y la
posterior Cultura de los Kurganes (3.200-600 a.C.). Se caracterizan por el modo
de vida semi-nómade o nómade, la práctica de la cría de animales, el uso de
caballos, la utilización del cobre y las prácticas funerarias en las que se
erigen túmulos y se practican los sacrificios humanos rituales.
Posiblemente las culturas
proto-indoeuropeas deriven de los grupos de cazadores-recolectores paleolíticos
que emigraron a Europa nororiental al final del último período glacial. Entre
esos grupos también se hallaban los ancestros de actuales grupos fino-úgridos
(urálicos) y altaicos, representados en la Cultura de Ahremburg (11.000-10.000
a.C.). En efecto es factible que bandas de cro-magnones hayan emigrado al norte
al disolverse la cultura Magdaleniense típica de la región pirenaica, surgiendo
la cultura Hamburguense (12.000-10.000 a.C.).
Estamos usando aquí la forma
restringida de la denominación Hombre de Cro-Magnon. La tendencia actual es a
usar el término para referirse a todos los fósiles de Homo sapiens del
Paleolítico Superior, sin distinción de sub-tipos. Si bien es cierto que el
abuso en materia de cuestiones “raciológicas” ha llevado a desconocer la
existencia de variantes como Hombre de Grimaldi u Hombre de Chancellade, no
parece razonable ignorar sin más las diferencias específicas constatables en
algunos restos fósiles. El tipo llamado de Cro-Magnon es aplicado a una forma
paleo-európida robusta, con tendencia a la estatura elevada. Aparece en Europa
occidental hacia el período Solutrense. Luego comparte el espacio cultural
Magdaleniense con otros sub-tipos más pequeños. Al final del período glacial
este tipo emigra masivamente hacia el sur pasando al norte de África. Allí se
lo conoce como Hombre de Mechta-Afalou (o de Mechta-El-Arbi), agente de la
cultura-Ibero-Maurisiense (17.000/10.120-8.550 a.C.), sucesora del Ateriense
local (38.000-10.000 a.C.). Supervivientes de este tipo humano son los guanches
canarios y los bereberes rubios de la Cabilia. Es lógico suponer que sus
ancestros paleolíticos eran físicamente iguales: rubios, de ojos azules,
estatura más bien alta, cráneo dolicoide.
En efecto se supone que los
primeros Homo sapiens ingresaron a Europa en el entorno del 40.000 a.C. en
plena fase fría inicial de la glaciación de Würm (Würm I). Son generadores de
las culturas Aurignaciense (40.000-30.000 a.C.) y Perigordiense (30.000-18.000
a.C.). Al menos hasta el Châtelperronense (Perigordiense Inicial), el Homo
sapiens convivió con el Hombre de Neanderthal, el cual aún predominaba en el
ambiente glacial europeo. Pero a partir del Gravetiense (Perigordiense medio, 30.000-20.000
a.C.) un nuevo tipo humano ingresa en Europa procedente de Anatolia o alguna
parte de Medio Oriente asociado al Haplogrupo H (ADNmt). Este linaje
mitocondrial es característico de poblaciones mediterráneas y reaparece
masivamente en Europa en el 4.800 a.C. con el desarrollo de la Cultura
neolítica del Vaso Campaniforme (aunque está presente desde el Neolítico
temprano, en el 7.450 a.C.). Este nuevo tipo del Homo sapiens desplaza a una
población Neanderthal en franca retirada quizá debido al período de clima
templado conocido como Oscilación de Paudorf (27.000-23.000 a.C.). Al iniciarse
una nueva fase fría de la glaciación de Würm aparece en Europa, aparentemente
también desde Medio Oriente, otro tipo Homo sapiens asociado a la cultura
Solutrense (22.000-15.000 a.C.). Se trata de una forma muy grande y robusta,
que aporta el linaje U de ADNmt y el
haplogrupo R de ADN-Y. Es el Hombre de Cro-Magnon.
Las oscilaciones climáticas
templadas llamadas Böling o Bølling
(14.650-14.100 a.C.) y Allerød (14.100-12.900 a.C.), seguidas del
último período frío conocido como Dryas Reciente (12.900-11.600 a.C.)
desestabilizaron la cultura paleolítica Magdaleniense (17.000-10.000 a.C.),
durante la cual habían ingresado nuevos tipos Homo sapiens desde Medio Oriente
o el Cáucaso, ancestros de los actuales vascos y pueblos fino-úgridos.
Es, pues, razonable deducir
que una población de cromagnoides occidentales emigrados de Europa occidental a
fines del Paleolítico Superior es el fundamento de la población
proto-indoeuropea de Europa oriental. Sin embargo otras hipótesis sostienen que
tal emigración sucedió desde la región del Altai en Asia Central.
ARTICLE IN ENGLISH (there may be errors in translation)
Indo-European (I): Urheimat
According to the most widespread hypothesis philological generally based on the work of the American Lithuanian archaeologist Marija Gimbutas (1921-1994), two eneolíticos sites in Ukraine today would be candidates for the Urheimat (original home) of protoindoeuropeas languages: Sredny Stog (4500-3500 BC) and Yamna (3600-3200 BC). Other cultures associated with these are: Novadanilovka (lower reaches of the Dnieper), Lower Mikhailovka (Lower Dnieper and the Crimea) and Kemi Oba (Crimea). It could also be part of this circuit the Ukrainian-Moldovan-Romanian culture Cucuteni-Tripilia (4500-3000 BC). These cultures derived from the preceding culture also eneolítica of Jvalynsk or Khvalynsk (5000-4500 BC), which would be the successor to the early eneolítica Samara culture (5500-4800 BC). It could also be related to contemporary culture Seroglazovo Samara. It is assumed that these cultures are related to the Mesolithic cultures of Dnieper-Donets (6000-4000 BC) and Surski-Dnepr, presumably derived from the Polish Culture Epipaleolithic Swideriense (10000-8200 BC)
In the second phase Stog Sredny Culture (4000-3500 BC) there is archaeological evidence of domestication of the horse, with stone axes and roped combat corded or ceramic elements that relate to the rear northeastern European Culture Ceramics Cordada (3000-2350 BC). It also noted the existence of a large variety of types in the skulls found in the settlements of Culture Sredny Stog. In fact it is suggested that constitute a mixed Eastern and Western European elements population. Some of these skulls resemble those found in neighboring Tripolie Cucuteni- Neolithic culture (5500-2750 BC) types, generally considered the graceful Dinaric or Mediterranean type. The others correspond to a type of Cro-Magnon, robust and large characteristic in the preceding Mesolithic Dnieper-Donets culture (6000-4000 BC). The presence of traces of Siberian and Uralic types were also found. Possibly, therefore Stog Sredny Culture is part of a mixed cultural horizon nordcaucásico confluence Balkan influences perhaps through the presence of commercial factories. That explains the male skulls found in Novadanilovka similar to those found in the Balkans physical characteristics.
The Yamna culture is not surrounded by proto-Indo-European cultures: Neolithic pottery Peine (4200-2000 BC), Kama and Kelteminar (5500-3500 BC) and copper and bronze Caucasian Maikop (3700-2500 BC) , Kura-Araxes (3500-2200 BC) and Novotitorovka (3300-2700 BC). It is assumed that the latter were influenced by the Yamna Culture and subsequent Kurgan Culture (3200-600 BC). They are characterized by the mode of semi-nomadic or nomadic life, the practice of animal husbandry, the use of horses, the use of copper and burial practices where mounds are erected and rituals practiced human sacrifice.
Possibly proto-Indo-European cultures derived from groups of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers who migrated to northeastern Europe at the end of the last glacial period. Among these groups the ancestors of today's thin-úgridos (Uralic) and Altaic groups represented in the Culture Ahremburg (11000-10000 BC) they were also. Indeed it is likely that cro-magnon bands have migrated north to dissolve the typical Magdalenian culture of the Pyrenean region, raising the Hamburguense culture (12,000-10,000 BC).
We are using here the restricted form of the name Cro-Magnon. The current trend is to use the term to refer to all the fossils of Homo sapiens of the Upper Paleolithic, regardless of sub-types. While the abuse on "raciológicas" issues has led to ignore the existence of variants such as man or man Chancellade Grimaldi, it seems unreasonable to simply ignore the specific differences observable in some fossil remains. The guy called Cro-Magnon is applied to paleo-európida robust shape, with a tendency to tall. It appears in Western Europe to the Solutrean period. Then share the cultural space Magdaleniense with smaller sub-types. At the end of the glacial period such massively migrate south through North Africa. There is known as man-Afalou Mechta (or Mechta-El-Arbi), agent of culture-Ibero-Maurisiense (17,000 / 10,120 to 8550 BC), successor of the local Aterian (38000-10000 BC). Survivors of human kind are the canaries guanches and blond Berbers of Kabylia. It is logical to assume that their Paleolithic ancestors were physically equal: blond, blue-eyed, rather tall, dolicoide skull.
Indeed it is assumed that the first Homo sapiens entered Europe at around 40,000 BC in full initial cold phase of the Würm glaciation (Würm I). Are generators of Aurignaciense (40000-30000 BC) and Perigordiense (30000-18000 BC) cultures. At least until the Châtelperronense (Initial Perigordiense), Homo sapiens coexisted with Neanderthal Man, which still prevailed in the European glacial environment. But from Gravetiense (average Perigordiense, 30000-20000 BC) a new human type enters Anatolia from Europe or somewhere in the Middle East associated with Haplogroup H (mtDNA). This mitochondrial lineage is characteristic of Mediterranean populations and reappears massively in Europe in 4800 BC with the development of the Neolithic Beaker Culture (although present from the early Neolithic in 7,450 BC). This new type of Homo sapiens moved to a Neanderthal population in retreat perhaps due to the temperate climate period known as Swing Paudorf (27000-23000 BC). At the beginning of a new cold phase of the Würm glaciation it appears in Europe, apparently also from the Middle East, other Homo sapiens associated with the Solutrean culture (22000-15000 BC). This is a very large and robust manner, which contributes U mtDNA lineage and DNA haplogroup R-Y. It is the Cro-Magnon.
The temperate climate oscillations or Bølling Boling calls (14650-14100 BC) and Allerød (14,100 to 12,900 BC), followed by the last cold period known as the Younger Dryas (12900-11600 BC) destabilized the Paleolithic Magdalenian culture (17,000 to 10,000 BC) during which they had entered new types Homo sapiens from the Middle East or the Caucasus, ancestors of the current Basque towns and fine-úgridos.
It is therefore reasonable to infer that a population of western cromagnoides emigrated from Western Europe in the late Upper Paleolithic is the foundation of the proto-Indo-European population of Eastern Europe. But other hypotheses argue that such emigration occurred from the Altai region in Central Asia.
According to the most widespread hypothesis philological generally based on the work of the American Lithuanian archaeologist Marija Gimbutas (1921-1994), two eneolíticos sites in Ukraine today would be candidates for the Urheimat (original home) of protoindoeuropeas languages: Sredny Stog (4500-3500 BC) and Yamna (3600-3200 BC). Other cultures associated with these are: Novadanilovka (lower reaches of the Dnieper), Lower Mikhailovka (Lower Dnieper and the Crimea) and Kemi Oba (Crimea). It could also be part of this circuit the Ukrainian-Moldovan-Romanian culture Cucuteni-Tripilia (4500-3000 BC). These cultures derived from the preceding culture also eneolítica of Jvalynsk or Khvalynsk (5000-4500 BC), which would be the successor to the early eneolítica Samara culture (5500-4800 BC). It could also be related to contemporary culture Seroglazovo Samara. It is assumed that these cultures are related to the Mesolithic cultures of Dnieper-Donets (6000-4000 BC) and Surski-Dnepr, presumably derived from the Polish Culture Epipaleolithic Swideriense (10000-8200 BC)
In the second phase Stog Sredny Culture (4000-3500 BC) there is archaeological evidence of domestication of the horse, with stone axes and roped combat corded or ceramic elements that relate to the rear northeastern European Culture Ceramics Cordada (3000-2350 BC). It also noted the existence of a large variety of types in the skulls found in the settlements of Culture Sredny Stog. In fact it is suggested that constitute a mixed Eastern and Western European elements population. Some of these skulls resemble those found in neighboring Tripolie Cucuteni- Neolithic culture (5500-2750 BC) types, generally considered the graceful Dinaric or Mediterranean type. The others correspond to a type of Cro-Magnon, robust and large characteristic in the preceding Mesolithic Dnieper-Donets culture (6000-4000 BC). The presence of traces of Siberian and Uralic types were also found. Possibly, therefore Stog Sredny Culture is part of a mixed cultural horizon nordcaucásico confluence Balkan influences perhaps through the presence of commercial factories. That explains the male skulls found in Novadanilovka similar to those found in the Balkans physical characteristics.
The Yamna culture is not surrounded by proto-Indo-European cultures: Neolithic pottery Peine (4200-2000 BC), Kama and Kelteminar (5500-3500 BC) and copper and bronze Caucasian Maikop (3700-2500 BC) , Kura-Araxes (3500-2200 BC) and Novotitorovka (3300-2700 BC). It is assumed that the latter were influenced by the Yamna Culture and subsequent Kurgan Culture (3200-600 BC). They are characterized by the mode of semi-nomadic or nomadic life, the practice of animal husbandry, the use of horses, the use of copper and burial practices where mounds are erected and rituals practiced human sacrifice.
Possibly proto-Indo-European cultures derived from groups of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers who migrated to northeastern Europe at the end of the last glacial period. Among these groups the ancestors of today's thin-úgridos (Uralic) and Altaic groups represented in the Culture Ahremburg (11000-10000 BC) they were also. Indeed it is likely that cro-magnon bands have migrated north to dissolve the typical Magdalenian culture of the Pyrenean region, raising the Hamburguense culture (12,000-10,000 BC).
We are using here the restricted form of the name Cro-Magnon. The current trend is to use the term to refer to all the fossils of Homo sapiens of the Upper Paleolithic, regardless of sub-types. While the abuse on "raciológicas" issues has led to ignore the existence of variants such as man or man Chancellade Grimaldi, it seems unreasonable to simply ignore the specific differences observable in some fossil remains. The guy called Cro-Magnon is applied to paleo-európida robust shape, with a tendency to tall. It appears in Western Europe to the Solutrean period. Then share the cultural space Magdaleniense with smaller sub-types. At the end of the glacial period such massively migrate south through North Africa. There is known as man-Afalou Mechta (or Mechta-El-Arbi), agent of culture-Ibero-Maurisiense (17,000 / 10,120 to 8550 BC), successor of the local Aterian (38000-10000 BC). Survivors of human kind are the canaries guanches and blond Berbers of Kabylia. It is logical to assume that their Paleolithic ancestors were physically equal: blond, blue-eyed, rather tall, dolicoide skull.
Indeed it is assumed that the first Homo sapiens entered Europe at around 40,000 BC in full initial cold phase of the Würm glaciation (Würm I). Are generators of Aurignaciense (40000-30000 BC) and Perigordiense (30000-18000 BC) cultures. At least until the Châtelperronense (Initial Perigordiense), Homo sapiens coexisted with Neanderthal Man, which still prevailed in the European glacial environment. But from Gravetiense (average Perigordiense, 30000-20000 BC) a new human type enters Anatolia from Europe or somewhere in the Middle East associated with Haplogroup H (mtDNA). This mitochondrial lineage is characteristic of Mediterranean populations and reappears massively in Europe in 4800 BC with the development of the Neolithic Beaker Culture (although present from the early Neolithic in 7,450 BC). This new type of Homo sapiens moved to a Neanderthal population in retreat perhaps due to the temperate climate period known as Swing Paudorf (27000-23000 BC). At the beginning of a new cold phase of the Würm glaciation it appears in Europe, apparently also from the Middle East, other Homo sapiens associated with the Solutrean culture (22000-15000 BC). This is a very large and robust manner, which contributes U mtDNA lineage and DNA haplogroup R-Y. It is the Cro-Magnon.
The temperate climate oscillations or Bølling Boling calls (14650-14100 BC) and Allerød (14,100 to 12,900 BC), followed by the last cold period known as the Younger Dryas (12900-11600 BC) destabilized the Paleolithic Magdalenian culture (17,000 to 10,000 BC) during which they had entered new types Homo sapiens from the Middle East or the Caucasus, ancestors of the current Basque towns and fine-úgridos.
It is therefore reasonable to infer that a population of western cromagnoides emigrated from Western Europe in the late Upper Paleolithic is the foundation of the proto-Indo-European population of Eastern Europe. But other hypotheses argue that such emigration occurred from the Altai region in Central Asia.
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/fd/b5/f9/fdb5f9a2c483362615e96f5eda6e095f.jpg
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdaleniense#/media/File:Homo_Sapiens_in_Europe_-_magdalenian_distribution_map-fr.svg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberomaurusian
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Yamna-es.svg/400px-Yamna-es.svg.png
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